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1 direct
direct, e [diʀεkt]1. adjectivedirect ; [train] non-stop2. masculine nouna. ( = train) express train3. adverb* * *diʀɛkt
1.
1) ( sans intermédiaire) direct; ( immédiat) [supérieur] immediate2) [route, accès] direct3) ( franc) direct4) ( en grammaire) direct
2.
nom masculin1) Radio, Télévision live broadcasting [U]2) ( en boxe) jab3) ( train) express (train)* * *diʀɛkt direct, -e1. adj1) (route, accès) directIndiquez-moi l'itinéraire le plus direct. — Show me the most direct route.
3) (vente, supérieur, cause) direct4) (style, regard, personne) direct2. nm1) (= train) through train2) RADIO, TV* * *A adj1 ( sans intermédiaire) [contact, descendant, rapport, affrontement, allusion, impôt] direct; [supérieur, entourage] immediate;2 Transp [route, chemin, liaison, accès] direct; l'itinéraire le plus direct the most direct route; vol direct direct flight; train direct through train; ce train est direct pour Lille this train is nonstop to Lille;3 ( franc) [personne, regard, question] direct;4 Ling [discours, style, objet] direct.B nm1 Radio, TV live broadcasting ¢; les avantages et les inconvénients du direct the advantages and disadvantages of broadcasting live; en direct de Prague live from Prague; émission diffusée en direct live broadcast;3 Rail express (train).un vol direct Paris-New York a direct ou nonstop flight from Paris to New Yorkdirect nom masculin2. RAIL through ou nonstop train3. TÉLÉVISION live————————en direct locution adjectivale & locution adverbiale -
2 shoot ****
[ʃuːt] shot vb: pt, pp1. vt1) (hit) colpire, sparare a, (hunt) cacciare, andare a caccia di, (execute) fucilare, (kill) uccidereto shoot o.s. in the foot fig — darsi la zappa sui piedi
3) (direct: look, smile) lanciare4) (Cine: film, scene) girare, (person, object) riprendere5) (pass quickly: rapids) scendere2. vi1)to shoot (at sb/sth) — (with gun) sparare (a qn/qc), (with bow) tirare (su or contro qn/qc)
to shoot at goal Ftbl etc — tirare in porta or a rete
2)to shoot in/out — entrare/uscire come una freccia3. n1) Bot germoglio3) fig famthe whole shoot — tutto, ogni cosa
•- shoot up -
3 History of volleyball
________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.________________________________________________________________________________In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to BrazilIn 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American lifeIn 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organizedIn 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.In 1990, the World League was created.In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the OlympicsThere is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.________________________________________Copyright (c)Volleyball World WideVolleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWWhttp://www.Volleyball.ORG/ -
4 address
•• Address to direct a remark or written statement to; to apply (oneself) to a task or a problem (Oxford American Dictionary).
•• Этот глагол в последние годы вошел в моду и одновременно стал одним из самых широких по значению и гибких глаголов в английском языке. В переводе с английского на русский он обычно требует конкретизации, в переводе с русского – может нередко прийти на помощь переводчику с точки зрения как содержания, так и идиоматичности перевода. Несколько примеров:
•• 1. His purpose, Keys said, was to force the electorate to address his arguments about abortion and the family (Guardian);
•• 2. America needs to start addressing the very real problems still holding our economy back (New York Times);
•• 3. What would happen if a war erupted one day between China and the United States over Taiwan, and Washington asked Japan for support? Japanese government officials are tying themselves in knots these days addressing that issue – or, sometimes, not addressing that issue (International Herald Tribune);
•• 4. The World Bank must address the needs of the poorest countries.
•• Интересно, что в двуязычных словарях перечисляется много достаточно очевидных значений, в переводе не трудных (адресовать, обращаться и т.д.), а наиболее широкое значение приводится только как возвратное (to address oneself to). Но, как видно из приведенных примеров, элемент возвратности часто опускается (вообще большинство английских глаголов может быть как переходными, так и непереходными; как возвратными, так и невозвратными). В этом широком значении глагол to address может переводиться самыми различными русскими словами (и служить переводом для них в русско-английской комбинации). Вот некоторые из них, не всегда легко и идиоматично передающиеся по-английски: обращать внимание на..., решать вопросы, принимать меры, задумываться о..., затрагивать вопрос о...
•• Если теперь вернуться к нашим примерам, то очевидно, что из предложенного списка русских глаголов и глагольных сочетаний можно без труда подобрать подходящий перевод, хотя с примером 3, может быть, придется «повозиться». Вариант: Японские официальные лица в последнее время мучительно пытаются ответить на этот вопрос, а иной раз найти возможность не отвечать на него.
•• Бывают, однако, и такие случаи, когда в тупике может оказаться и опытный переводчик. Иногда глагол to address по широте своего значения сближается с такими глаголами, как to take, to put, to get и т.д. Характерный пример из журнала Time: Though State Department officials say her visit to Prague will deal with NATO matters only, Albright will have to address her recently revealed Jewish past. Может быть, подходящим будет перевод высказаться о..., затронуть? Но дальше в тексте: Aides say she might consider a pilgrimage to the Pinkas Synagogue. Приходится прибегнуть к целостному преобразованию, например, в таком варианте: Ставший недавно известным факт еврейского происхождения Олбрайт не может не наложить отпечаток на ее визит, хотя в госдепартаменте заявляют, что он будет посвящен исключительно вопросам, связанным с НАТО. Максимально широкая семантика слова address и в таком примере: A reorientation of public spending towards labor-market and anti-poverty programs is a far better way of addressing the challenges of globalization (Time). В переводе нужен глагол, сочетающийся с русским существительным вызов (или проблемы, если слово вызов вам не по вкусу). В русской части словаря см. статью решать (проблемы, вопросы).
См. также в других словарях:
PRAGUE (INTERVENTION DE) — PRAGUE INTERVENTION DE (1968) Le 20 août 1968, vers vingt trois heures, des dizaines de milliers de parachutistes soviétiques débarquent à l’aérodrome de Prague, transportés en avions cargos Antonov 24 à partir de Moscou et de Lvov. Quelques… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Prague crisis, 1968 — The KGB was instrumental in persuading Leonid Brezhnev to intervene in 1968 in Czechoslovakia, where a reformist party leadership had reduced press censorship and was publishing details of the political repression of the 1940s and 1950s. KGB… … Historical dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence
Rituel du 1er mai a Prague sous le regime de "democratie populaire" — Rituel du 1er mai à Prague En 2004, quinze ans après la chute du rideau de fer, il ne semble plus rien rester du rituel du 1er mai communiste. Si la « Fête du travail » figure toujours dans les calendriers officiels des anciens pays de… … Wikipédia en Français
Rituel du 1er mai à Prague sous le régime de "démocratie populaire" — Rituel du 1er mai à Prague En 2004, quinze ans après la chute du rideau de fer, il ne semble plus rien rester du rituel du 1er mai communiste. Si la « Fête du travail » figure toujours dans les calendriers officiels des anciens pays de… … Wikipédia en Français
Rituel du 1er mai à prague sous le régime de "démocratie populaire" — Rituel du 1er mai à Prague En 2004, quinze ans après la chute du rideau de fer, il ne semble plus rien rester du rituel du 1er mai communiste. Si la « Fête du travail » figure toujours dans les calendriers officiels des anciens pays de… … Wikipédia en Français
The Prague Post — is an English language weekly newspaper covering the Czech Republic and Central and Eastern Europe. It is the most popular English language newspaper in the country. The target audience is English speaking expatriates living in the Czech Republic … Wikipedia
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Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection — The alleged Prague connection between Iraq and Al Qaeda came through an alleged meeting between September 11 hijacker Mohamed Atta and Iraqi consulate Ahmad Samir al Ani in April 2001. Czech counterintelligence service claimed that Mohamed Atta… … Wikipedia
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Defenestration de Prague — Défenestration de Prague Cet article décrit trois défenestrations qui ont eu lieu à Prague en République tchèque au cours des XVe, XVIIe et XXe siècle. Sommaire 1 Première défenestration de Prague 2 Deuxième défenestration de Prague … Wikipédia en Français
Défenestration De Prague — Cet article décrit trois défenestrations qui ont eu lieu à Prague en République tchèque au cours des XVe, XVIIe et XXe siècle. Sommaire 1 Première défenestration de Prague 2 Deuxième défenestration de Prague … Wikipédia en Français
